Pediarix's FDA approval criticized

Pediarix vaccine - Shorts

Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients , Oct, 2003 by Jule Klotter

In December 2002, the FDA approved a new combination vaccine for use in children under 6 months of age. GlaxoSmithKline's Pediarix is for diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, hepatitis B, and polio. Marketers boast that Pediarix cuts down on an infant's pain (and tears) because it requires only 3 injections instead of 9 to get the same amount of protection. Dr. Mark M. Blatter of Primary Physicians Research in Pittsburgh, one of the Glaxo-funded study sites, said that "Scientists are working to create vaccines against more and more diseases, and without combining shots there simply won't be room on babies' tiny thighs for more inoculations." An Associated Press article said that side effects were similar in babies who got Pediarix and those who got separate shots, although the Pediarix group had a higher incidence of low fever.

Dr. Sherri Tenpenny, DO, a nationally renowned and respected vaccine expect, criticized the studies that led to Pediarix's FDA approval. Instead of comparing a new vaccine to a known inert substance, such as sterile water or saline, vaccine researchers now compare the new vaccine to a vaccine with a 'known side effect profile.' In the case of Pediarix, researchers, coordinated by the UCLA Center for Vaccine Research, divided 400 children into 4 groups. One group received 3 doses of Pediatrix with HiB (flu). The second group got two doses of the same combination plus another Glaxo investigational combination (DTaP and HepB) plus oral polio. The third also received the DTaP--HepB combination and vaccines for polio and flu. The fourth group received individual doses of DTaP, HepB, HiB and oral polio. All of the children produced antibodies so the combinations were deemed effective.

The study also claimed that "there were no vaccine-related serious adverse events to any group after any vaccine dose," but serious adverse events did occur. Quoting the study, Dr. Tenpenny writes: "Two subjects withdrew from the study because of serious adverse events that were determined by the safety monitor to be unrelated to vaccination. One subject in Group A was diagnosed with a seizure disorder 14 days after the first immunization. Another subject in Group B had a neuroblastoma detected 6 weeks after the first immunization. Six other reported serious adverse events involved hospitalizations for brochiolitis/pneumonia (4), meningitis (1) and apnea (1) and were also determined to be unrelated to vaccination. "Why is it," she asks, "that whenever an adverse event occurs during the course of a vaccine clinical trial, that 'event' is never related to vaccination?"

Dr. Tenpenny urges consumers to read the package inserts for vaccines with care, especially the one for Pediarix. Pediarix contains a troubling list of additives, adjuvants and contaminants including formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, 2-Phenoxyethanol (antifreeze), Thimerosal (12.5 nanograms), VERO (monkey) cells, neomycin, polymyxin B, polysorbate 80, and yeast protein.

Neergaard, Lauran. New vaccine to cut 6 of 20 shots for babies. The Herald-Sun, 17 December 2002.

Tenpenny, Sherri, DO. Commentary on Pediarix. January 25, 2003 www.mercola.com.

The Scoop on Pediarix: the New 5-in-1 Vaccine for DTaP, Hep B, and IPV

The Scoop on Pediarix: the New 5-in-1 Vaccine for DTaP Hep B IPV

PEDIARIX, the new 5-in-1 vaccine will be showing up in syringes in front of unsuspecting parents in pediatrician offices around the country now that it is FDA approved. Dr. Sheri Tenpenny did this great write up of information on PEDIARIX that all parents should have to consider before going taking their child in to the pediatrician. This was published in Dr. Mercola's recent issue of his awesome Wellness newsletter and appears on his website at http://www.mercola.com/2003/jan/25/pediarix.htm. If you know a mom whose baby may be due for shots soon, please pass this on.

From www.mercola.com January 25, 2003 Commentary on PEDIARIX by Dr. Sherri Tenpenny, D.O and nationally renowned and respected vaccine expert.

The pharmaceutical industry has shown its true colors on this one.

The goal of creating Pediarix, a new 5-in-one combination vaccine for diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B and polio, is clearly stated in the GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) press release: "combination vaccines will allow more vaccines to be added to the 'crowded' pediatric vaccination schedule." With more than 200 vaccines currently under development, it is certain that many more will be added to the childhood and adolescent vaccination schedules. To accommodate the new additions, many combination vaccines are in the pipeline, including:

MMR and Varivax DTaP and IPV DTaP and Hepatitis B (HepB) DTaP, IPV and HiB (Pentavac) DTaP, HepB and HiB DTaP, IPV, HepB and HiB (Hexavac) DTaP, IPV, HepB, HiB and Hepatitis A[1]

Scientifically, the D-T-aP is composed of three separate vaccines, and the polio vaccine contains three viruses, so it is actually three vaccines. After adding the projected number of antigens in the "combination vaccines," the fictional vaccine Omnivax portrayed in Michael Palmer's book "Fatal," which combined 30 vaccines into one shot, does not seem so "fictional."

It is certainly disturbing for parents to see their babies receive five to seven separate vaccinations at the 2-, 4- and 6-month "well-baby visits." However, reducing the total number of shots by combining them, rather than eliminating unnecessary shots from the schedule, is nothing more than a deceptive "placebo" for concerned parents.

Even when familiar vaccines are combined, the mixture is considered to be a new product. The vaccine must be subjected to "safety and efficacy" clinical trials as though it were brand-new.[2] After reviewing several of the studies that allowed this vaccine to come to market, similar investigational flaws were discovered for this vaccine trial as in all others: safety is not "proven" through the studies, and "effectiveness" is defined only as the presence of antibodies.

The design of all vaccine safety studies is seriously flawed. A scientifically sound safety study would compare the new vaccine to an inert substance, such as sterile water or saline. In addition, current vaccine safety studies compare a new vaccine to a vaccine with a "known side effect profile." These flaws are bad enough, but the design of the Pediarix study coordinated by the UCLA Center for Vaccine Research, Research and Education Institute, was even more bizarre.

Various combinations of vaccines were given to 400 children who had been divided into four groups:

Group A received 3 doses of Pediarix + the HiB (H.flu) vaccine

Group B received 2 doses of Pediarix + HiB;

The third vaccine was [DTaP + HepB] + oral polio

Group C received 3 doses each of [DTaP + HepB], IPV (injectable polio), and HiB

Group D received 3 doses each of DTaP, HepB, HiB and oral polio

The conclusion? The researchers found that the antibody levels of each of the vaccines were nearly the same in all groups, therefore, "the use of the pentavalent combination vaccine will greatly reduce the number of required injections during the first 2 years of life, thereby simplifying the immunization schedule, enhancing compliance and facilitating acceptance of additional injections engendered by introduction of newer vaccines."[3]

That sounds like proving convenience, but not proving safety.

If the [DTaP + HepB] vaccine looks unfamiliar to you, it is because it is. In this study, five licensed vaccines and two investigational combination vaccines (also manufactured by GSK) were evaluated simultaneously.[4] The FDA appears to be granting permission to compare one experimental vaccine to another. I wonder if the parents knew that their children were being used as truly "experimental subjects"? This type of "research" goes far beyond what can possibly be defended on scientific grounds and borders on being criminal.

The same study further concluded that "there were no vaccine-related serious adverse events in any group after any vaccine dose." But if the study is read carefully, evidence to the contrary exists:

"Two subjects withdrew from the study because of serious adverse events that were determined by the safety monitor to be unrelated to vaccination. One subject in Group A was diagnosed with a seizure disorder 14 days after the first immunization. Another subject in Group B had a neuroblastoma detected 6 weeks after the first immunization. Six other reported serious adverse events involved hospitalizations for bronchiolitis/pneumonia (4), meningitis (1) and apnea (1) and were also determined to be unrelated to vaccination."[5]

Why is it that whenever an adverse event occurs during the course of a vaccine clinical trail, that "event" is never related to vaccination?

Every consumer should ask to read the package insert on every vaccine, but be sure to read this one carefully.[6] Here is a partial list of the additives, adjuvants and contaminants:

VERO (monkey) cells -- potentially containing the SV40 virus incriminated in several different cancers, including leukemia.

Bovine extract, bovine casein and calf (bovine) sera -- It is common knowledge that bovine blood products can be contaminated with viruses, and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is the one most often contaminating fetal bovine serum.[7]

Formaldehyde -- a chemical that has caused cancer in laboratory animals and may cause cancer in humans. There is no known threshold level below which cancer risk does not exist. The World Health Organization recommends that exposure should not exceed 0.05 ppm (parts per million).[8]

Glutaraldehyde -- a toxic chemical that is used for cold sterilization of medical and dental equipment. There is no Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) permissible exposure limit. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommends that exposure to glutaraldehyde be under 0.2 ppm.[9] (TOM: reference)

2-Phenoxyethanol -- the chemical name for antifreeze, the vaccine contains 2.5 mg of this compound.

Thimerosal -- this mercury compound is used in the production of Energix, the hepatitis B fraction of the vaccine. It is used during the initial manufacturing process and then removed by a process using cystiene. However, up to 12.5ng (nanograms) remain.

The vaccine also contains these substances: neomycin, polymyxin B, polysorbate 80 and less than five percent yeast protein. The instructions on the package insert caution to "shake well before administering" and describe the vaccine as a "turbid white suspension" consisting of the many particles in the solution.

Is this something that you would want to have injected into your arm? Into your baby's arm? Don't bet on it. The long-term studies on combination vaccines will most likely prove that the biological warfare coming through a needle is just that: war -- on the immune system.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

References:

[1] http://www.keepkidshealthy.com/ newsletters.html

[2] New vaccine supply and financing: a case study of combined vaccines in developing countries. http://www.who.int/ vaccines-access/ vaccines/ Vaccine_Supply/ Vaccine_supply_index_documents/ combination_vaccines.pdf

[3] Sylvia H. Yeh, MD. et.al. Safety and immunogenicity of a pentavalent diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B and polio combination vaccine in infants. Ped Inf. Dis. J. 2001;20:973-980.

[4] Ibid.

[5] Ibid.

[6] Pediarix package insert: http://us.gsk.com/ products/ assets/ us_pediarix.pdf

[7] European Commission on Health and Consumer Protection Directorate-General. Scientific Committed on Animal Health and Animal Welfare. Adopted 25 October, 2000. http://europa.eu.int/ comm/ food/ fs/ sc/ scah/ out50_en.pdf

[8] IAQ fact sheet: formaldehyde. http://www.nsc.org/ ehc/ indoor/ formald.htm

[9] FMSCME Fact sheet: glutaraldehyde. http://www.afscme.org/ health/ faq-glut.htm

In The Wake Of Vaccines

In The Wake Of Vaccines
By Barbara Loe Fishe

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A Special Report for Mothering Magazine
Issue 126, September/October 2004

The founder of the National Vaccine Information Center raises profound questions about the relationship between the rise in chronic illness and the increase in childhood vaccinations.

America and America’s children are in the midst of an epidemic of chronic disease and disability. Today, the Centers for Disease Control admits that one American child in 166 has been diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder.(1) In 1970, autism affected four in 10,000 children.(2) By 1991, 5,000 autistic children were in the public school system; by 2001, that number had grown to 94,000.(3)
Today, the CDC reports that 9 million American children under 18 have been diagnosed with asthma.(4) In 1979, asthma affected approximately 2 million children under age 14.(5)

Today, nearly 3 million children in public schools are classified as learning disabled. In 1976, there were 796,000 learning-disabled children in public schools.(6)
Today, the CDC reports that 4 million children between the ages of 3 and 17 years have been diagnosed with ADHD.(7) The government has only recently begun monitoring the numbers of children with ADHD. In 1997, ADHD was reported to affect about 1.6 million elementary school children.

Today, 206,000 Americans under the age of 20 have type 1 diabetes, while type 2 diabetes is mysteriously on the rise in children and adolescents. The CDC estimates that 1 in 400 to 500 American children and adolescents are now diabetic.(8) Between 1945 and 1969, the incidence of diabetes in children aged 6 to 18 was approximately 1 in 7,100 children.(9)

Today, arthritis affects one in three Americans, and about 300,000 American children have juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.(10) Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis used to be so rare that statistics were not kept until its recent rise in children.
These brain and immune-system disorders plaguing millions of the most highly vaccinated children in the world are preventing too many of them from thriving, learning, and achieving in the ways past generations of children have thrived, learned, and achieved. And our nation is only beginning to understand the enormous price tag that comes with the burden of chronic disease. In America, the cost of health care for chronic disease is estimated to be $425 billion a year, and it is rising.(11)

Yet the current costs to our society of dealing with chronic illness pales in comparison with what it will cost in the future, as these ill and disabled children grow up and cannot produce for our society, but will instead require lifelong financial support. Some of the more compromised children, including severely autistic children, will need full-time custodial care later in life as their parents age and cannot cope with their adult children’s 24-hour-a-day needs. In California, the minimum estimated cost for the state to provide educational services to an autistic child is $5,000 per year. However, the minimum annual cost to provide full-time custodial care for an autistic adult is between $30,000 and $40,000, for a staggering total lifetime cost of between $2 and $5 million, depending on the severity of the autism.(12)

It wasn’t always like this. What is happening to the health of our nation? Could it have anything to do with exposing our children to more and more bacterial and live virus vaccines in the first five years of life, when the brain and immune system develop most rapidly? And could we be compromising the integrity of our immune systems by eliminating all experience of natural infection?

For more than 100 years, doctors have been publishing articles in the medical literature about the brain-damaging side effects of vaccines. The mother of all vaccines—the smallpox vaccine, created by Britain’s Edward Jenner in 1796—was found to cause inflammation of the brain in one in 3,200 persons.(13) After Pasteur began to inject patients with rabies vaccine in the 1880s, it became obvious that brain inflammation was a side effect that affected as many as one in 400 vaccinated persons.(14) And by the 1960s and ’70s, the medical literature was full of reports that the pertussis (whooping cough) vaccine was causing brain inflammation and death in babies getting the DPT shot.(15,16)

Doctors and public health officials were talking to each other in the pages of medical journals about the fact that vaccines could injure children’s brains, but those being vaccinated had no clue. Mothers taking their children to pediatricians to be vaccinated placed a blind trust in the complete safety and effectiveness of those vaccines.

From Healthy to Sick after Vaccination
I trusted without questioning when I took my newborn to my pediatrician for baby shots in the late 1970s. At the time, I considered myself a woman very well-educated in science and medicine. My mother and grandmother had been nurses, and I had become a medical writer at a teaching hospital after graduating from college.

But I knew nothing about the risks of vaccines, which I assumed were 100 percent safe and effective. It never occurred to me that a medical intervention designed to keep a healthy child healthy could ever harm that child. The concept of risk associated with prevention is quite different from the concept of risk associated with a cure.

Like many women who had babies in the late 1970s, I was part of the natural childbirth movement. I attended Lamaze classes to prepare myself for birth without medication, and I knew I would breastfeed my baby. I took vitamins during pregnancy, but never drank alcohol. I ate all the right foods, and endured the occasional headache without reaching for an aspirin. I was determined to do nothing that would harm the baby in my womb, and do everything once my baby was born to give him the best start he could get in life.

Except for a milk allergy that gave him colic his first few months, my son, Chris, was a lively, contented baby who always wanted to be around people and always seemed to be doing things ahead of schedule. He had begun saying words at seven months and speaking in full sentences at age two. At two and a half years, he could identify the upper- and lower-case alphabets and numbers up to 20. He could name every card in the deck, and had created a card-identification game to entertain himself and our family. He was beginning to recognize words in the books we read together each day. One doctor told me he was cognitively gifted.

I remember that, for several weeks following Chris’s third DPT shot, when he was seven months old, there was a hard, red, hot lump at the site of the injection. I called my pediatrician’s office and was told by the nurse that it was “a bad lot of DPT vaccine,” and not to worry about it. I asked if I should bring Chris in for another shot, because I thought she meant the “bad vaccine” might not have been strong enough. I wanted my baby protected.

The day of his fourth DPT and OPV shots, when he was two and a half, Chris was healthy except for slight diarrhea left over from a 48-hour bout with the stomach flu he had had at the beach three weeks earlier. He had just come off of a round of antibiotics because, back then, antibiotics were given for everything from flu to pneumonia. The pediatrician, as well as the nurse preparing to give Chris his shots, said he didn’t have a fever, and that a little diarrhea didn’t matter.

Several hours after we got home, I realized how quiet it was in the house, and went upstairs to look for Chris. I walked into his bedroom to find him sitting in a rocking chair staring straight ahead, as if he couldn’t see me standing in the doorway. His face was white and his lips were slightly blue. When I called out his name, his eyelids fluttered, his eyes rolled back in his head, and his head fell to his shoulder. It was as if he had suddenly fallen asleep sitting up.

This was unusual—I had never before seen him fall asleep while sitting up. When I picked him up and carried him to his bed, he was like a dead weight in my arms. I remember thinking that maybe he was so tired because of what had happened at the doctor’s office, or maybe he was having a relapse of the flu. Chris slept in his bed without moving for more than six hours, through dinnertime, until I called my mom, who told me to try to wake him.

I climbed into Chris’s bed, lifted his limp body, and cradled his back against my chest as I rocked us both from side to side, calling out his name. I could feel him struggling to awake. He began mumbling the word bathroom, but he couldn’t sit up on his own or walk. I picked him up and carried him to the bathroom, where he had severe diarrhea and then, again, fell asleep sitting up. He slept for 12 more hours.

This was 1980. I had been given no information by my doctor about how to recognize a vaccine reaction.

In the following days and weeks, Chris deteriorated. He no longer knew his alphabet or numbers, and couldn’t identify the cards he once knew so well. He would not look at the books we had once read together every day. He couldn’t concentrate for more than a few seconds at a time. My little boy, once so happy-go-lucky, no longer smiled. He was now listless and emotionally fragile, crying or becoming angry at the slightest frustration.

Chris’s physical deterioration was just as profound. He had constant diarrhea, stopped eating, stopped growing, and was plagued with respiratory and ear infections for the first time in his life. The pediatrician told me it was just a stage he was going through and not to worry about it. After eight months of such deterioration, I took Chris to another pediatrician. He was tested for cystic fibrosis and celiac disease, but the tests came back negative. None of the doctors knew what was wrong with my son, who had become an entirely different child physically, mentally, and emotionally.

It would be another year before I stood in my kitchen and watched the Emmy Award–winning NBC-TV documentary DPT: Vaccine Roulette, produced by consumer reporter Lea Thompson in spring 1982. I called the television station and asked to see the medical research that had been used to document the show. There, in the pages of Pediatrics, The New England Journal of Medicine, The Lancet, and The British Medical Journal, I found clinical descriptions of reactions to the pertussis vaccine that exactly matched the symptoms I had witnessed my son have within four hours of his fourth DPT shot.

I learned that, in 1981, the British National Childhood Encephalopathy Study had reported a statistically significant correlation between DPT vaccine and brain inflammation leading to chronic neurological damage,(17) and that the UCLA-FDA study published in Pediatrics in 1981 had found that one in 875 DPT shots is followed within 48 hours by a convulsion or collapse/shock reaction just like the one my son had suffered.(18) As I leafed through more than 50 years of medical literature documenting the fact that the complications of pertussis disease, or whooping cough, were identical to the complications of whole-cell pertussis vaccine, I was stunned. I felt betrayed by a medical profession I had revered all my life.

The day Chris had his vaccine reaction, he should have been in an emergency room, not unconscious in his bed. As his mother, I should have had the information I needed to recognize what was happening to him and take steps to deal with it, including calling my doctor and, later, making sure the reaction was recorded in his medical record and reported to the vaccine manufacturer and health officials.

At age six, when Chris could not learn to read or write, he was given an extensive battery of tests that confirmed minimal brain damage that took the form of multiple learning disabilities, including: fine motor and short-term memory delays; dyslexia; auditory processing deficits; attention deficit disorder; and other developmental delays. He was removed from the Montessori school he attended and placed in a self-contained classroom for the learning-disabled in public school, where he stayed throughout elementary, junior, and high school, despite repeated unsuccessful efforts by the schools to “mainstream” him.

As a teenager, Chris struggled to deal with the big gaps between certain aspects of his intelligence—such as his creativity and his unusual ability to think on an abstract level, mixed with his inability to concentrate for long periods of time or to organize and process certain kinds of information he saw or heard. He was angry and frustrated because he couldn’t do what his peers could do, and was troubled both in and out of school. After working in a warehouse and mail room following high school, he eventually earned an associate degree in video and film production at a school where a third of the students are learning disabled and receive in-depth tutorial support. Chris is now making his way in the world using his creative gifts. He continually adjusts for the learning disabilities that will always be a part of who he is, but that he is determined will not define who he is.

The Vaccine Reaction Pattern Repeats Itself
My son’s vaccine reaction nearly a quarter century ago is identical to those that Harris Coulter and I reported in 1985 in DPT: A Shot in the Dark, and those that thousands of other mothers have reported to the National Vaccine Information Center (NVIC) for the past 22 years.(19) These mothers tell us how they took healthy, bright children to doctors to be vaccinated and, within hours, days, or weeks, their children got sick, regressed, and became different children. Whether a child recovers, is left with minimal brain damage as my son was, or is more severely injured—as was the case with the children who were awarded nearly $2 billion in compensation under the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act of 1986 (20)—a pattern of common experience emerges. This pattern, repeated over and over in homes across America, has contributed in no small way to why the issue of vaccine safety will not go away.

Mothers call the NVIC and describe how, within days of vaccination, their babies run fevers; scream for hours, fall into a deep sleep, and wake up screaming again; start twitching, jerking, or staring into space as if they can’t hear or see; are covered with body rashes; become restless and irritable; or have a dramatic change in eating or sleeping habits.

Others describe a gradual deterioration in overall health, a picture that includes constant ear and respiratory infections and onset of allergies, including asthma; unexplained rashes; new sensitivity to foods such as milk; persistent diarrhea; sleep disturbances that turn night into day and day into night; loss of developmental milestones such as the ability to roll over or sit up; loss of speech, eye-contact, and communication skills; development of strange or violent behaviors that include hyperactivity, biting, hitting, social withdrawal, and repetitive movements such as flapping, rocking, and head banging. Older children and adults complain of muscle weakness, joint pain, crippling headaches, disabling fatigue, loss of memory, or being unable to concentrate and think clearly.

Depending on the child and the specific therapy interventions, there is either gradual full recovery or the child is eventually diagnosed with various kinds of chronic health problems. My son regressed after his DPT shot but stopped just short of autism. Why? I don’t know. Vaccine-induced brain injuries appear to be on a continuum ranging from milder forms such as ADD or ADHD and learning disabilities to autism-spectrum and seizure disorders to severe mental retardation, all the way to death. On this continuum, and often coinciding with brain dysfunction, is immune-system dysfunction ranging from development of severe allergies and asthma to intestinal bowel disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, and diabetes.

Genetic and Biological Vulnerability
Many of the parents who contact the NVIC report that their child suffered previous vaccine-reaction symptoms that were written off by their doctors as unrelated or unimportant. Others say their child was sick at the time of vaccination, often on antibiotics. Still others describe strong family histories of autoimmune disorders such as thyroid disease, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and diabetes, and severe allergies to milk, pollen, medications, and vaccines. Still other babies, especially those who die after vaccination, were born premature, had difficult births, were underweight, or had histories of health problems before receiving multiple vaccines.

How Many Vaccine-Injured Children Are There?
But how many children have vaccine reactions every year? Is it really only one in 110,000 or one in a million who are left permanently disabled after vaccination? Former FDA Commissioner David Kessler observed in 1993 that less than 1 percent of doctors report adverse events following prescription drug use.(21) There have been estimates that perhaps less than 5 or 10 percent of doctors report hospitalizations, injuries, deaths, or other serious health problems following vaccination. The 1986 Vaccine Injury Act contained no legal sanctions for not reporting; doctors can refuse to report and suffer no consequences.

Even so, each year about 12,000 reports are made to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System; parents as well as doctors can make those reports.(22) However, if that number represents only 10 percent of what is actually occurring, then the actual number may be 120,000 vaccine-adverse events. If doctors report vaccine reactions as infrequently as Dr. Kessler said they report prescription-drug reactions, and the number 12,000 is only 1 percent of the actual total, then the real number may be 1.2 million vaccine-adverse events annually.
The larger unanswered question that haunts every new vaccine mandate is: Has the repeated manipulation of the immune system with multiple vaccines in the first three years of life, when the interrelated brain and immune systems develop most rapidly outside the womb, been an unrecognized cofactor in the epidemics of chronic disease and disability plaguing so many children today?

A Vacuum of Scientific Knowledge
When you look at the possible biological mechanisms for vaccine-induced neuroimmune dysfunction, including chronic inflammation, the scientific picture is complicated by the presence of potentially toxic components added to vaccines as stabilizers, preservatives, and adjuvants. These include many substances—heavy metals such as mercury and aluminum, yeast, monosodium glutamate (MSG), formalin, and antibiotics—that, together with residual DNA and possible adventitious agent contamination from animal and human cell substrates, have unknown biological effects.(23) For example, the monkey virus SV40, which contaminated oral polio vaccine given to American children until 1999, has been found in children and adults suffering from bone, brain, and lung cancers, as well as from non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.(24)

There is an astonishing lack of basic scientific knowledge about how viral and bacterial vaccines, given in combination, act to disrupt brain and immune-system function in the human body at the cellular and molecular levels.(25,26) Pre-licensure studies conducted by industry to demonstrate the safety of new vaccines rarely study large numbers of children given the experimental vaccine in combination with other vaccines,(27) and follow-up for serious health problems following vaccination is limited to a few days or weeks.(28) For example, the flu vaccine that the CDC recommends all healthy babies get has never been studied for safety when given in combination with other vaccines.(29)

In addition, there have never been any large, prospective, long-term studies comparing the long-term health of highly vaccinated individuals versus those who have never been vaccinated at all. Therefore, the background rates for ADHD, learning disabilities, autism, seizure disorders, asthma, diabetes, intestinal bowel disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, and other brain and immune-system dysfunction in a genetically diverse unvaccinated population remains unknown.

This vacuum of basic scientific knowledge fatally compromises the statistical conclusions of every recent epidemiological study conducted by government and industry to try to prove that vaccines do not cause chronic health problems such as autism. The recently released Institute of Medicine report that denied a causal relationship between autism and vaccines and called for an end to all research into vaccine-associated autism relied almost exclusively on epidemiological studies.(30) Researchers conducting epidemiological studies to estimate the incidence of disease in vaccinated individuals often look at old medical records to do their statistical analyses. But the scientific truth about a vaccine’s ability to cause chronic health problems has not been determined with any degree of certainty because so little research has ever been conducted into the biological mechanisms involved in vaccine-induced brain and immune-system dysfunction, and all of the participants in epidemiological studies are vaccinated.

It is possible that when all children were exposed to only DPT and polio vaccines in the 1960s, a tiny fraction of those genetically susceptible to responding adversely to vaccination were affected. But with the addition of the combination measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine to the routine vaccination schedule in 1979, and then the Hib, hepatitis B, chickenpox, and pneumococcal vaccines in the late 1980s and 1990s, far more of the genetically vulnerable are now being brought into the group of vaccine-adverse responders.

Government and industry refuse to investigate the genetic and other biological high-risk factors for vaccine-induced chronic health problems. But independent research is being conducted at the M.I.N.D. Institute at UC Davis, and by other nongovernment, nonindustry researchers around the world. Their research may well eventually confirm that there is a critical interaction between a child’s genetic susceptibility to respond adversely to vaccination and one or more cofactors, such as a coinciding illness or concurrent exposure to medications or other environmental toxins while in the womb or after birth.

A Primitive Inflammatory Response Gone Wrong
However, the damaging effects of vaccines in the genetically vulnerable is potentially only one part of the explanation of why there has been an explosion of chronic disease in ours, the most highly vaccinated population in the world. Mass vaccination with multiple vaccines in early childhood has removed most natural infection from the human experience. This human intervention is only about 50 years old. When you consider the evolution of human beings and our place in the natural order, an order that was created long before Edward Jenner first came up with the idea of vaccination, 50 years is a very short period of time.

Humans and infectious microbes have coexisted for as long as we have walked the earth, and the human immune system has developed an efficient way of meeting the challenge from viruses and bacteria. When infected with viruses, parasites, and cancer cells, the body’s first line of defense is for the cellular, or “innate,” part of the immune system to mount an inflammatory response, which then signals the humoral, or “learned,” part of the immune system to produce anti-inflammatory chemicals and antibodies that resolve inflammation so that healing can take place.

“Babies are born with a very immature cellular immune system,” says Lawrence Palevsky, MD, a New York pediatrician and cofounder of the Holistic Pediatric Association. “Childhood viral infectious diseases like measles, mumps, and chickenpox initially stimulate the cellular part of the immune system, which leads to the production of the signs of inflammation—fever, redness, swelling, and mucus. This cellular immune response stimulates the humoral part of the immune system to produce anti-inflammatory chemicals and antibodies that assist in recovery from these illnesses. This natural process helps the cellular and humoral immune systems mature. A healthy, mature immune system for children requires an equal balance of cellular and humoral immune-system responses.”

Palevsky points out that vaccination largely bypasses the cellular immune system in favor of stimulating the humoral part of the immune system. “Vaccination does not mimic the natural infection process. Although vaccines stimulate production of antibodies in an attempt to artificially induce immunity to disease, chronic inflammation can be a by-product of vaccination by disrupting the balance of cellular and humoral immune-system responses, especially in those children genetically predisposed to inflammatory conditions such as autoimmune disorders.”

Philip Incao, MD, a holistic family-care physician in Colorado, agrees: “Physically, health is about balancing acute inflammatory responses to infection, which stimulate one arm of the immune system, and chronic inflammatory responses to infection, which stimulate the other arm of the immune system. Overuse of vaccines to suppress all acute, externalizing inflammations early in life can set up the immune system to respond to future stresses and infections by developing chronic, internalizing disease later in life.”

Back to Nature: The Paradigm Shift
The questions being raised about the wisdom of using large numbers of vaccines to suppress or eradicate all infectious disease are understandable in light of the fact that so many highly vaccinated children and adults are chronically ill. However, the challenge to our system of mass vaccination is also part of the move by educated healthcare consumers away from a technology and a medical model that many believe has failed. Intuitively, people in many technologically advanced countries are becoming increasingly skeptical about not only the safety of vaccines, but also the toxic properties and overuse of prescription drugs and the risks of medical tests and invasive surgeries.

Among the top ten causes of death in the US are toxic reactions to correctly prescribed drugs, which make more than 2 million Americans seriously ill every year and kill 106,000 more.(31) The realization that dentists have filled our mouths with silver-mercury amalgams and doctors have injected mercury-laced vaccines into our children’s bodies are just two examples of why people are beginning to distrust what doctors and public health officials tell them to do.

A 1998 survey found that 39 million Americans made more than 600 million visits to alternative healthcare practitioners in 1997—more than to primary-care physicians.(32) These patients paid most of the $21.2 billion costs out of pocket when insurance plans would not reimburse them, citing a desire to “prevent future illness from occurring” and “maintain health and vitality.” Healthcare professions including chiropractic, naturopathy, homeopathy, acupuncture, and other modalities offering a drug-free way to maintain health are becoming more popular as people realize they are healthier when they take fewer drugs and vaccines.

As a new model for staying well struggles to replace an old model that has failed too many, a mighty battle is taking place in the offices of pediatricians, who face increasingly well-educated, independent-thinking parents who demand to be equal partners in making healthcare decisions for their children. At no time is that battle more fierce than when an articulate parent, one who knows more than a pediatrician about vaccine risks, begins to ask questions and demand answers instead of blindly trusting and offering up a child for vaccination.

Educated parents, who suspect that their children are genetically at risk for vaccine complications, are challenging the utilitarian rationale adopted by public health officials to justify forced vaccination. The ideas that everyone has to get vaccinated for the “greater good,” and that it is acceptable for some children to be sacrificed for the welfare of the rest, does not feel quite right when one-size-fits-all vaccine policies end up targeting the genetically vulnerable as expendable.

The right to know and the freedom to choose were the reasons I joined with Kathi Williams and other parents of vaccine-injured children, who 22 years ago launched the organized movement for vaccine safety and informed consent in this country. I knew then that I wanted to work to empower other women who become mothers to believe in and stand up for our right to make informed, voluntary decisions about vaccination for the children we love more than we ever thought we could love anyone.

When it comes to the complex job of raising a child day to day, we mothers are on the front line. But when we enter the often paternalistic world of science and medicine, we are made to feel as if we are not smart enough, educated enough, or rational enough to make our own good decisions about what is best for the health and well-being of our children. It is in pediatricians’ offices, public health clinics, and hospital corridors where we have been most conditioned to feel incapable and helpless to do anything other than what we are told to do.

In reality, we are more than capable of using our intelligence, our hearts, and our mothers’ intuition to demand to know the truth and make informed choices about any medical intervention that carries a risk of injury or death for our children. No one has more of a right to do this than we, the life-givers, life defenders, and primary caretakers of our children’s well-being.

Once you have gathered all the information you can find about infectious diseases and vaccines and have spoken to one or more healthcare professionals, you will know what to do. Once you have made a vaccination decision for your child, don’t second-guess yourself. You have made an educated, conscious choice, and no matter what happens, you have been the best mother you can be. As mothers, it is all we can do.

NOTES
1. American Academy of Pediatrics, Autism A.L.A.R.M. (January 2004).

2. California Department of Developmental Services, 2003 DDS Autism Report, www.dds.ca.gov.

3. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics: Digest of Education Statistics (2002).

4. B. Bloom et al., “Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Children: National Health Interview Survey, 2001,” National Center for Health Statistics, Vital and Health Statistics Series 10, no. 216 (November 2003).

5. D. M. Mannino et al., “Surveillance for Asthma: United States, 1960–1995,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 47, no. SS-1 (14 April 1998).

6. See Note 3.

7. See Note 4.

8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “National Diabetes Fact Sheet” (2003).

9. P. J. Palumbo et al., “Diabetes Mellitus: Incidence, Prevalence, Survivorship and Causes of Death in Rochester, Minnesota, 1945–1970,” Diabetes 25, no. 7 (1 July 1976): 566–573.

10. Arthritis Foundation, www.arthritis.org.

11. C. Hoffman et al., “Persons with Chronic Conditions: Their Prevalence and Costs,” Journal of the American Medical Association 276, no. 18 (13 November 1996): 1473–1479.

12. K. Jarbrink, M. Knapp, “The Economic Impact of Autism in Britain,” Autism 5, no. 1 (1 March 2001): 7–22.

13. E. B. Gurvich, “The Age-Dependent Risk of Postvaccination Complications in Vaccinees with Smallpox Vaccine,” Vaccine 10, no. 2 (1 January 1992): 96–97.

14. T. Hemachudha et al., “Myelin Basic Protein as an Encephalitogen in Encephalomyelitis and Polyneuritis Following Rabies Vaccination,” New England Journal of Medicine 316, no. 7 (12 February 1987): 369–374.

15. C. A. Hannik, “Major Reactions After DPT-Polio Vaccination in the Netherlands,” International Symposium on Pertussis, Bilthoven. Symposium Series on Immunobiological Standardization 13 (1969): 161–170.

16. M. Kulenkampff et al., “Neurological Complications of Pertussis Inoculation,” Archives of Disease in Childhood 49, no. 1 (January 1974): 46–49.

17. R. Alderslade et al., “The National Childhood Encephalopathy Study,” in Whooping Cough: Reports from the Committee on Safety of Medicines and the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunization (London: HMSO, 1981).

18. C. L. Cody et al., “Nature and Rates of Adverse Reactions Associated with DTP and DT Immunizations in Infants and Children,” Pediatrics 68, no. 5 (1 November 1981): 650–660.

19. H. L. Coulter, B. L. Fisher, DPT: A Shot in the Dark (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1985).

20. VICP Monthly Statistics Report, www.hrsa.gov/osp/vicp/monthlystats_home.HTM.

21. D. A. Kessler, “Introducing MEDWatch: A New Approach to Reporting Medication and Device Adverse Effects and Product Problems,” Journal of the American Medical Association 269, no. 21 (2 June 1993): 2765–2768.

22. R. T. Chen, B. Hibbs, “Vaccine Safety: Current and Future Challenges,” Pediatric Annals 27, no. 7 (July 1998): 445–455.

23. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Vaccine Components, www.cdc.gov/node.do/id/0900f3ec8006587f.

24. D. Bookchin, J. Schumacher, The Virus and the Vaccine (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2004).

25. Institute of Medicine, Adverse Effects of Pertussis and Rubella Vaccines (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1991).

26. Institute of Medicine, Adverse Events Associated with Childhood Vaccines (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1994).

27. M. B. Rennels et al., “Safety and Immunogenicity of Heptavalent Pneumococcal Vaccine Conjugated to CRM197 in United States Infants,” Pediatrics 101, no. 4, Part 1 (1 April 1998): 604–611.

28. Merck & Co., Inc., Recombivax HB product insert (1998).

29. C. B. Bridges et al., “Prevention and Control of Influenza: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP),” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 52, no. RR08 (25 April 2003): 1–34.

30. Institute of Medicine, Immunization Safety Review: Vaccines and Autism (Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, May 2004).

31. J. Lazarou et al., “Incidence of Adverse Drug Reactions in Hospitalized Patients: A Meta-analysis of Prospective Studies,” Journal of the American Medical Association 279, no. 15 (15 April 1998): 1200–1205.

32. D. M. Eisenberg et al., “Trends in Alternative Medicine Use in the United States, 1990–1997: Results of a Follow-up National Survey,” Journal of the American Medical Association 280, no. 18 (11 November 1998): 1569–1575.

Barbara Loe Fisher is cofounder and president of the National Vaccine Information Center (NVIC). She is the coauthor of the 1985 book DPT: A Shot in the Dark and editor of The Vaccine Reaction newsletter, and has served on the National Vaccine Advisory Committee (1988–1992), the Institute of Medicine Vaccine Safety Forum (1995–1998), and the FDA Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee (1999–2003).

Archive for Tuesday, February 08, 2005

‘91 Memo Warned of Mercury in Shots

By Myron Levin
February 08, 2005 in print edition A-1

A memo from Merck & Co. shows that, nearly a decade before the first public disclosure, senior executives were concerned that infants were getting an elevated dose of mercury in vaccinations containing a widely used sterilizing agent.

The March 1991 memo, obtained by The Times, said that 6-month-old children who received their shots on schedule would get a mercury dose up to 87 times higher than guidelines for the maximum daily consumption of mercury from fish.

“When viewed in this way, the mercury load appears rather large,” said the memo from Dr. Maurice R. Hilleman, an internationally renowned vaccinologist. It was written to the president of Merck’s vaccine division.

The memo was prepared at a time when U.S. health authorities were aggressively expanding their immunization schedule by adding five new shots for children in their first six months. Many of these shots, as well as some previously included on the vaccine schedule, contained thimerosal, an antibacterial compound that is nearly 50% ethyl mercury, a neurotoxin.

Federal health officials disclosed for the first time in 1999 that many infants were being exposed to mercury above health guidelines through routine vaccinations. The announcement followed a review by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration that was described at the time as a first effort to assess the cumulative mercury dose.

But the Merck memo shows that at least one major manufacturer was aware of the concern much earlier.

“The key issue is whether thimerosal, in the amount given with the vaccine, does or does not constitute a safety hazard,” the memo said. “However, perception of hazard may be equally important.”

Merck officials would not discuss the contents of the memo, citing pending litigation.

Separately, the drug giant is trying to fend off a legal onslaught over Vioxx, the popular painkiller it introduced in 1999. The company, based in Whitehouse Station, N.J., faces hundreds of lawsuits claiming that the drug caused heart problems and that Merck concealed the risks. Merck, which in September pulled Vioxx off the market, has denied the allegations.

The legacy of thimerosal, meanwhile, also is causing problems for Merck and other drug companies.

More than 4,200 claims have been filed in a special federal tribunal, the Vaccine Injury Compensation Program, by parents asserting that their children suffered autism or other neurodevelopmental disorders from mercury in vaccines. A handful of similar claims are awaiting trial in civil courts. The plaintiffs cite various scientific studies that they say prove the dangers of thimerosal, including at the levels found in vaccines.

Thimerosal has been largely removed from pediatric vaccines in recent years in what health officials have described as a precautionary measure. (This has been accomplished as drug makers have voluntarily switched from multi-dose vials of vaccine, which require a chemical preservative like thimerosal, to single-dose containers.)

In September, Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger signed legislation prohibiting vaccines with more than trace amounts of thimerosal from being given to babies and pregnant women. Iowa has a similar ban.

For their part, Merck and other vaccine makers, along with many government health officials and scientists, say there is no credible evidence of harm from the amounts of mercury once widely present in kids’ shots. They cite a report in May by a committee of the national Institute of Medicine concluding that the evidence “favors rejection of a causal relationship” between vaccines and autism.

The seven-page Merck memo was provided to The Times by James A. Moody, a Washington lawyer who works with parent groups on vaccine safety issues. He said he obtained it from a whistle-blower whom he would not name.

The memo provides the “first hard evidence that the companies knew – or at least Merck knew – that the children were getting significantly more mercury” than the generally accepted dose, the lawyer said.

He also provided a copy to attorneys for Vera Easter, a Texas woman who blames thimerosal for the condition of her 7-year-old son, Jordan, who is autistic and mentally retarded. The Easter lawsuit is pending in U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Texas. The defendants include Merck; rival vaccine makers GlaxoSmithKline, Aventis Pasteur Inc. and Wyeth; and thimerosal developer Eli Lilly & Co.

Easter’s lawyer, Andy Waters, described the memo as “incredibly damning and incredibly significant.” After receiving it in the fall, he confronted Merck lawyers about why he hadn’t seen it earlier.

In a letter to Waters in October, Merck attorneys said they had in fact made available 32 boxes of records, but that the copying service hired by the plaintiffs for some reason had failed to copy several of the boxes – including the one with the Hilleman memo.

“The memo,” said company spokeswoman Mary Elizabeth Blake, “was produced voluntarily by Merck in the ordinary course of discovery proceedings.”

Hilleman is a former senior vice president of Merck who developed numerous vaccines for the company. A 1999 profile in the Philadelphia Inquirer said that “it is no exaggeration to assert, as many scientists do, that Maurice Hilleman has saved more lives than any other living scientist.”

Hilleman, 85, currently director of the Merck Institute for Vaccinology, had officially retired and was a consultant to Merck when he wrote the ‘91 memo. He declined to be interviewed.

The memo was sent to Dr. Gordon Douglas, then head of Merck’s vaccine division and now a consultant for the Vaccine Research Center at the National Institutes of Health. Douglas also declined to comment.

The memo stated that regulators in several countries had raised concerns about thimerosal, including in Sweden, where the chemical was being removed from vaccines.

“The public awareness has been raised by the sequential wave of experiences in Sweden including mercury exposure from additives, fish, contaminated air, bird deaths from eating mercury-treated seed grains, dental amalgam leakage, mercury allergy, etc.,” the memo said.

It noted that Sweden had set a daily maximum allowance of mercury from fish of 30 micrograms for a 160-pound adult, roughly the same guideline used by the FDA. Adjusting for the body weight of infants, Hilleman calculated that babies who received their shots on schedule could get 87 times the mercury allowance.

The Swedish and FDA guidelines work out to about four-tenths of a microgram of mercury per kilogram of body weight. A stricter standard of one-tenth of a microgram per kilogram has been adopted by the Environmental Protection Agency and endorsed by the National Research Council.

These standards are based on methyl mercury, the type found in fish and airborne emissions from power plants. Though toxic, the ethyl mercury in thimerosal may be less hazardous than methyl mercury, some scientists say, because it is more quickly purged from the body.

“It appears essentially impossible, based on current information, to ascertain whether thimerosal in vaccines constitutes or does not constitute a significant addition to the normal daily input of mercury from diverse sources,” the memo said.

“It is reasonable to conclude” that it should be eliminated where possible, he said, “especially where use in infants and young children is anticipated.”

In the U.S., however, thimerosal continued to be added throughout the ’90s to a number of widely used pediatric vaccines for hepatitis B, bacterial meningitis, diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus.

It was added to multi-dose vials of vaccine to prevent contamination from repeated insertion of needles to extract the medicine. It was not needed in single-dose vials, but most doctors and clinics preferred to order vaccine in multi-dose containers because of the lower cost and easier storage.

The Hilleman memo said that unlike regulators in Sweden and some other countries, “the U.S. Food and Drug Administration

A turning point came in 1997 when Congress passed a bill ordering an FDA review of mercury ingredients in food and drugs.

Completed in 1999, the review revealed the high level of mercury exposure from pediatric vaccines and raised a furor. In e-mails later released at a congressional hearing, an FDA official said health authorities could be criticized for “being ‘asleep at the switch’ for decades by allowing a potentially hazardous compound to remain in many childhood vaccines, and not forcing manufacturers to exclude it from new products.”

It would not have taken “rocket science” to add up the amount of exposure as the prescribed number of shots was increasing, one of the e-mails said.

While asserting that there was no proof of harm, the U.S. Public Health Service in July 1999 called on manufacturers to go mercury-free by switching to single-dose vials. Soon after, Merck introduced a mercury-free version of its hepatitis B vaccine, replacing the only thimerosal-containing vaccine it was still marketing at the time, a company spokesman said.

By 2002, thimerosal had been eliminated or reduced to trace levels in nearly all childhood vaccines. One exception is the pediatric flu vaccine made by Aventis and still sold mainly in multi-dose vials.

most refused vaccines in USA

1. MMR
2. chickenpox: designed for high risk children with leukemia or compromised immune systems. Mandated as cost-effective, rather than essential. 1 day care for moms or dads

不吐不快：看方周子的《为什么说中医不是科学？》

不吐不快：看方周子的《为什么说中医不是科学？》

我原来因为方周子学术打假而对这个人有好感，但是看了他这篇文章 (http://www.xys.org/xys/netters/Fang-Zhouzi/jingji/zhongyi2.txt ) 就知道这个人的确是个下三烂了。开篇就胡说八道:

……….. 例如，美国国家卫生院和美国医学会都把中医和其他乱七八糟的民间医术一起归为“另类医学”，不属于医学科学 ……….

我们来看看到底美国是如何归类中医的，以及方周子如何和其他学术骗子，医学骗子一样，断章取义，误导不懂英文，或者懂英文也不喜欢做一手调查的缺脑子的人的。

首先中医等非主流医学的确在美国有个归类，但是全名叫 complementary and alternative medicine （缩写CAM)。 Complementary 是补充的意思， alternative: 本意是“二者选一”的意思，基本可以翻译成“候选”，正确的翻译大致是 “作为补充的和候选的医学”。这个归类的态度很很中性，提倡用临床验证的方法看待中医和其他任何非主流医学，承认在主流医学无效或者无法处理的时候可以作 为候选的补充手段。

CAM 有很多严肃的学术研究和交流的国际会议和期刊，其中不少被SCI收录，甚至有很高的影响度 (impact factor) 。研究的主流是非主流医学的作用机制和原理，如何结合主流医学等等课题。 据两个例子：

Alternative Therapies in Health & Medicine ， 2005年影响度 1.3,
Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine, 2005年影响度1.051

作为参考： 国内最有名的西医主导的 中华医学杂志 的国际影响度只有 0.561, 参看它的网站主页上http://www.cmj.org/ ，和本文最后的参考网址:

根据世界卫生组织的统计，CAM在世界各地都有升温的迹象。例如2002年美国就有 43%的人口使用了广义的CAM。美国政府对CAM的政策是：尊重个性（respect for individuality）; 而且提倡每个成年病人都有权利选择自己认可的医疗方式 (The right to choose treatment)，而不是让主流西医一手遮天，更不提倡全面否定CAM.

方周子写文章的时候不知何种原因心怀鬼胎，首先去掉 第一个重要的形容词complementary， 然后把alternative 翻译成带有贬义和嘲弄色彩的“另类”，这样还不够，再赛上点私货"乱七八糟"，更自做主张说CAM”不属于科学”。 就堂而皇之的扛着美国的名头来否定中医和世界上一切非主流西医的医学了。不知道那些研究 候选和补充医疗 的全世界的科学家作何感想，收录CAM 国际会议和刊物的SCI如何作想，以及推崇加速研究补充医学的世界卫生组织如何想。当然方周子知道这些严肃的科学家和国际组织不谑来批驳他的垃圾，骗国人 中没头脑的倒是绰绰有余了。


由于种种原因，一些国人缺乏基本的验证思维，也有崇洋，特别是崇美的心理。 方周子和被他揭露的各类骗子一样，利用国人的这个弱点，扛着美国博士学位的噱头，炮制这种垃圾文章。 如果这样的网络垃圾文章都有相信，那自己和亲人在主流医学医学无效的时候就等死去吧。

既然用科学的手段批判别人，那么自己也要遵守科学的规则。我给出自己这篇文章的参考数据，给有头脑的人自己做一手工作来验证我的话。有了自己动手验证的习惯，不仅不会被学术骗子骗，也不会被中西医的医学骗子骗，更不会被方周子这样的下三烂骗。

数据来源:
* 方周子 原文: http://www.xys.org/xys/netters/Fang-Zhouzi/jingji/zhongyi2.txt
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_medicine 维基百科 英文版对候选以及补充医学 的介绍
* http://journalseek.net/ 学术杂志检索数据库：可以查询全名，ISSN序号，官方网站连接等数据。
* http://www.ibpc.fr/~dror/jif.html SCI Journal Impact Factors 被SCI检索的学术期刊影响因子列表, 1999年到2005年的数据
* http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs134/en/ 世界卫生组织对传统医学的态度
* http://whccamp.hhs.gov/ 美国白宫关于CAM政策的2002年报告

2000-2005中国籍美国博士数量和留美百分比

标 题: 2000-2005中国籍美国博士数量和留美百分比[zt]
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Tue Sep 4 13:13:32 2007)

http://www.norc.org/projects/Survey+of+Earned+Doctorates.htm

2005 Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities: Summary Report

TABLE 33. Percentage of non-U.S. citizen doctorate recipients intending to
stay in the United States after doctorate receipt, by country of citizenship
, 2000-2005

China(excluding Taiwan)
Year Number Staying-Percent
2000 2,618 90.5
2001 2,668 92.3
2002 2,652 92.5
2003 2,778 90.8
2004 3,220 89.2
2005 3,827 89.8


Taiwan
Year Number Staying-Percent
2000 950 56.1
2001 774 61.8
2002 675 60.3
2003 724 51.1
2004 704 49.0
2005 726 58.3

美国职业的收入排名榜

Ranked National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates[zt]

Source http://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nat.htm

Occupation Title Employment Mean Annual
--------------------------------------------------------
1 Anesthesiologists 29,890 $184,340
2 Surgeons 51,900 $184,150
3 Obstetricians and Gynecologists 22,520 $178,040
4 Orthodontists 5,200 $176,900
5 Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 5,320 $164,760
6 Internists, General 48,700 $160,860
7 Prosthodontists 480 $158,940
8 Psychiatrists 24,730 $149,990
9 Family and General Practitioners 109,400 $149,850
10 Chief Executives 299,520 $144,600
11 Physicians and Surgeons, All Other 208,960 $142,220
12 Pediatricians, General 28,930 $141,440
13 Dentists, General 86,110 $140,950
14 Airline Pilots, Copilots, and Flight Engineers 75,810 $140,380
15 Podiatrists 9,020 $118,500
16 Lawyers 547,710 $113,660
17 Air Traffic Controllers 23,240 $110,270
18 Engineering Managers 183,960 $110,030
19 Dentists, All Other Specialists 4,560 $108,340
20 Natural Sciences Managers 38,660 $107,970
21 Marketing Managers 159,950 $107,610
22 Computer and Information Systems Managers 251,210 $107,250
23 Sales Managers 307,960 $102,730
24 Petroleum Engineers 15,060 $101,620
25 Financial Managers 468,270 $101,450
26 General and Operations Managers 1,663,280 $99,280
27 Optometrists 24,220 $98,550
28 Computer and Information Scientists, Research 27,650 $96,440
29 Judges, Magistrate Judges, and Magistrates 25,870 $95,640
30 Physicists 15,420 $95,580
31 Astronomers 1,430 $95,000
32 Human Resources Managers, All Other 55,280 $94,910
33 Law Teachers, Postsecondary 11,870 $94,290
34 Pharmacists 239,920 $93,500
35 Public Relations Managers 44,010 $92,250
36 Nuclear Engineers 14,870 $92,040
37 Actuaries 16,620 $91,810
38 Computer Hardware Engineers 74,480 $91,280
39 Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary 116,370 $91,260
40 Securities, Commodities, and Financial Services Sales Agents 260,
360 $90,380
41 Industrial-Organizational Psychologists 1,140 $89,920
42 Aerospace Engineers 86,720 $89,260
43 Managers, All Other 326,390 $87,250
44 Computer Software Engineers, Systems Software 329,060 $87,250
45 Mathematicians 2,840 $86,780
46 Personal Financial Advisors 119,690 $86,730
47 Training and Development Managers 27,450 $86,670
48 Political Scientists 3,970 $86,370
49 Purchasing Managers 66,490 $86,020
50 Physical Scientists, All Other 21,380 $85,310
51 Advertising and Promotions Managers 38,130 $85,140
52 Agents and Business Managers of Artists, Performers, and Athletes
11,130 $84,070
53 Industrial Production Managers 153,410 $83,970
54 Economists 12,970 $83,500
55 Health Diagnosing and Treating Practitioners, All Other 53,270
$83,110
56 Sales Engineers 75,150 $83,080
57 Education Administrators, Postsecondary 103,330 $82,820
58 Electronics Engineers, Except Computer 131,880 $82,820
59 Construction Managers 207,630 $82,760
60 Biological Science Teachers, Postsecondary 51,950 $82,110
61 Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary 31,950 $82,080
62 Compensation and Benefits Managers 46,640 $82,010
63 Computer Software Engineers, Applications 472,520 $82,000
64 Engineers, All Other 155,620 $81,750
65 Chemical Engineers 29,060 $81,600
66 Veterinarians 49,750 $81,490
67 Medical and Health Services Managers 232,920 $81,160
68 Chiropractors 25,470 $81,070
69 Biochemists and Biophysicists 18,680 $80,900
70 Psychologists, All Other 7,960 $80,360
71 Real Estate Brokers 46,950 $80,230
72 Geoscientists, Except Hydrologists and Geographers 28,980 $79,
890
73 Economics Teachers, Postsecondary 12,330 $79,370
74 Education Administrators, Elementary and Secondary School 215,630
$79,200
75 Electrical Engineers 147,670 $78,900
76 Transportation, Storage, and Distribution Managers 89,010 $78,
560
77 Art Directors 31,030 $78,420
78 Biomedical Engineers 14,030 $78,030
79 Atmospheric and Space Scientists 8,250 $77,810
80 Administrative Law Judges, Adjudicators, and Hearing Officers 14,
470 $77,730
81 Mining and Geological Engineers, Including Mining Safety Engineers
6,810 $77,620
82 Financial Analysts 196,960 $77,280
83 Management Analysts 476,070 $77,270
84 Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary 10,120 $77,190
85 Materials Scientists 9,390 $77,010
86 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Non-Retail Sales Workers 285,
690 $76,840
87 Materials Engineers 21,230 $75,960
88 Marine Engineers and Naval Architects 7,810 $75,400
89 Atmospheric, Earth, Marine, and Space Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary
8,670 $74,880
90 Physics Teachers, Postsecondary 12,340 $74,650
91 Athletes and Sports Competitors 12,500 $74,440
92 Physician Assistants 62,960 $74,270
93 Administrative Services Managers 232,410 $72,840
94 Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Technical and
Scientific Products 390,280 $72,700
95 Environmental Engineers 51,370 $72,590
96 Mechanical Engineers 217,500 $72,580
97 Postsecondary Teachers, All Other 272,410 $72,310
98 Computer Systems Analysts 446,460 $72,230
99 Producers and Directors 63,840 $72,210
100 Civil Engineers 236,690 $72,120
101 Environmental Science Teachers, Postsecondary 4,310 $71,980
102 Education Administrators, All Other 26,570 $71,520
103 Financial Examiners 24,430 $71,240
104 Nuclear Power Reactor Operators 3,750 $70,800
105 Industrial Engineers 198,340 $70,630
106 Medical Scientists, Except Epidemiologists 78,210 $70,350
107 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Police and Detectives 89,170
$70,230
108 Business Teachers, Postsecondary 67,390 $70,220
109 Chemistry Teachers, Postsecondary 19,560 $70,100
110 Architects, Except Landscape and Naval 101,010 $69,760
111 Social Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary, All Other 5,750 $69,
640
112 Computer Programmers 396,020 $69,500
113 Computer Specialists, All Other 180,270 $69,370
114 Fashion Designers 15,670 $69,270
115 Operations Research Analysts 56,170 $69,100
116 Statisticians 19,660 $69,080
117 Political Science Teachers, Postsecondary 13,850 $69,040
118 Health and Safety Engineers, Except Mining Safety Engineers and
Inspectors 24,620 $68,400
119 Sociologists 3,440 $68,300
120 Anthropology and Archeology Teachers, Postsecondary 5,040 $68,
240
121 Hydrologists 7,740 $68,230
122 Physical Therapists 156,100 $68,050
123 Agricultural Engineers 3,050 $67,810
124 Social Scientists and Related Workers, All Other 31,110 $67,
720
125 Radiation Therapists 14,290 $67,580
126 Database Administrators 109,840 $67,460
127 Network Systems and Data Communications Analysts 203,710 $67,
460
128 Architecture Teachers, Postsecondary 5,820 $67,390
129 Gaming Managers 3,330 $67,340
130 Forestry and Conservation Science Teachers, Postsecondary 2,630
$66,970
131 Broadcast News Analysts 6,770 $66,910
132 Commercial Pilots 27,120 $66,720
133 Clinical, Counseling, and School Psychologists 97,330 $66,110
134 Chemists 80,500 $66,040
135 Market Research Analysts 213,590 $65,930
136 Logisticians 79,570 $65,640
137 Network and Computer Systems Administrators 289,520 $65,260
138 Microbiologists 15,730 $65,200
139 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Fire Fighting and Prevention
Workers 50,810 $65,030
140 Computer Science Teachers, Postsecondary 36,630 $65,000
141 Mathematical Science Occupations, All Other 10,190 $64,920
142 Nuclear Technicians 6,400 $64,760
143 Psychology Teachers, Postsecondary 29,690 $64,580
144 Life Scientists, All Other 12,830 $64,480
145 Budget Analysts 58,100 $63,920
146 Geographers 960 $63,720
147 Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Studies Teachers, Postsecondary 7,350
$63,710
148 Biological Scientists, All Other 25,220 $63,560
149 History Teachers, Postsecondary 20,980 $63,200
150 Sociology Teachers, Postsecondary 16,110 $63,160
151 Nuclear Medicine Technologists 19,270 $63,000
152 Geography Teachers, Postsecondary 4,070 $62,850
153 Mathematical Science Teachers, Postsecondary 44,570 $62,790
154 Power Distributors and Dispatchers 8,420 $62,640
155 Occupational Therapists 88,570 $62,510
156 Dental Hygienists 166,380 $62,430
157 Orthotists and Prosthetists 5,290 $62,110
158 Loan Officers 359,260 $61,930
159 Elevator Installers and Repairers 21,700 $61,930
160 Locomotive Engineers 36,870 $61,850
161 Environmental Scientists and Specialists, Including Health 77,720
$61,120
162 Audiologists 10,910 $61,110
163 Technical Writers 45,330 $60,850
164 Speech-Language Pathologists 98,690 $60,840
165 Accountants and Auditors 1,092,960 $60,670
166 Home Economics Teachers, Postsecondary 4,330 $60,630
167 Landscape Architects 22,130 $60,480
168 Detectives and Criminal Investigators 100,110 $60,390
169 Epidemiologists 4,120 $60,290
170 Business Operations Specialists, All Other 983,340 $60,240
171 Credit Analysts 66,690 $60,190
172 Philosophy and Religion Teachers, Postsecondary 17,840 $60,180
173 Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary 24,680
$60,050
174 Registered Nurses 2,417,150 $59,730
175 Financial Specialists, All Other 120,790 $59,600
176 Commercial and Industrial Designers 33,540 $59,340
177 Ship Engineers 14,190 $59,340
178 Soil and Plant Scientists 10,720 $59,330
179 Occupational Health and Safety Specialists 42,220 $59,270
180 Food Scientists and Technologists 8,770 $59,260
181 Urban and Regional Planners 32,640 $58,940
182 Railroad Conductors and Yardmasters 37,110 $58,880
183 Arbitrators, Mediators, and Conciliators 8,110 $58,790
184 Nursing Instructors and Teachers, Postsecondary 39,350 $58,690
185 Farm, Ranch, and Other Agricultural Managers 3,300 $58,550
186 Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Except Technical
and Scientific Products 1,488,990 $58,540
187 Insurance Sales Agents 311,380 $58,450
188 Art, Drama, and Music Teachers, Postsecondary 72,100 $58,250
189 Diagnostic Medical Sonographers 44,340 $58,110
190 Film and Video Editors 17,380 $58,100
191 Writers and Authors 43,260 $58,080
192 Multi-Media Artists and Animators 26,260 $58,030
193 Social Work Teachers, Postsecondary 7,860 $57,990
194 Insurance Underwriters 99,430 $57,960
195 Library Science Teachers, Postsecondary 3,830 $57,550
196 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Construction Trades and Extraction
Workers 574,870 $57,500
197 Education Teachers, Postsecondary 53,470 $57,410
198 English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary 59,320
$57,320
199 Funeral Directors 22,810 $57,250
200 Captains, Mates, and Pilots of Water Vessels 29,170 $57,060
201 Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Powerhouse, Substation, and
Relay 22,090 $56,870
202 Cost Estimators 216,900 $56,820
203 Communications Teachers, Postsecondary 23,560 $56,600
204 Sales Representatives, Services, All Other 501,850 $56,420
205 Flight Attendants 96,760 $56,150
206 Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists 18,000 $56,120
207 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Mechanics, Installers, and
Repairers 450,710 $56,110
208 Social and Community Service Managers 112,360 $56,090
209 Postmasters and Mail Superintendents 26,580 $55,630
210 Instructional Coordinators 117,630 $55,570
211 Conservation Scientists 16,000 $55,410
212 Transportation Inspectors 23,790 $55,370
213 Power Plant Operators 34,200 $55,340
214 Criminal Justice and Law Enforcement Teachers, Postsecondary 10,
430 $55,310
215 Human Resources, Training, and Labor Relations Specialists, All Other
204,290 $54,700
216 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Correctional Officers 37,400
$54,630
217 Aerospace Engineering and Operations Technicians 8,280 $54,480
218 Real Estate Sales Agents 168,400 $54,350
219 Purchasing Agents, Except Wholesale, Retail, and Farm Products
275,910 $54,160
220 Recreation and Fitness Studies Teachers, Postsecondary 17,110
$54,020
221 Gas Plant Operators 12,120 $53,870
222 Engineering Technicians, Except Drafters, All Other 78,260 $53
,850
223 Public Relations Specialists 209,560 $53,760
224 Purchasing Agents and Buyers, Farm Products 13,110 $53,730
225 Compensation, Benefits, and Job Analysis Specialists 103,870 $
53,500
226 Music Directors and Composers 9,470 $53,320
227 Animal Scientists 3,930 $53,230
228 Media and Communication Equipment Workers, All Other 17,740 $
53,230
229 Editors 100,170 $53,220
230 Anthropologists and Archeologists 4,960 $52,900
231 Claims Adjusters, Examiners, and Investigators 279,240 $52,750
232 Historians 3,090 $52,750
233 Cartographers and Photogrammetrists 11,430 $52,600
234 Special Education Teachers, Middle School 101,420 $52,550
235 Special Education Teachers, Secondary School 136,870 $52,520
236 Foresters 10,760 $52,450
237 Petroleum Pump System Operators, Refinery Operators, and Gaugers
40,880 $52,410
238 Property, Real Estate, and Community Association Managers 156,880
$52,290
239 Railroad Brake, Signal, and Switch Operators 22,810 $52,110
240 Geological and Petroleum Technicians 11,280 $51,490
241 Surveyors 56,820 $51,390
242 Advertising Sales Agents 159,640 $51,370
243 Secondary School Teachers, Except Special and Vocational Education
1,030,780 $51,150
244 Appraisers and Assessors of Real Estate 66,420 $51,110
245 Training and Development Specialists 197,050 $51,100
246 Vocational Education Teachers, Secondary School 95,040 $51,050
247 Wholesale and Retail Buyers, Except Farm Products 137,310 $51,
010
248 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Transportation and Material-Moving
Machine and Vehicle Operators 220,570 $50,990
249 Industrial Engineering Technicians 73,640 $50,920
250 Compliance Officers, Except Agriculture, Construction, Health and
Safety, and Transportation 222,080 $50,890
251 Librarians 148,610 $50,860
252 Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technicians 166,340 $50,
840
253 Telecommunications Equipment Installers and Repairers, Except Line
Installers 190,130 $50,610
254 Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technologists 160,760 $50,550
255 Legal Support Workers, All Other 38,910 $50,520
256 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Production and Operating Workers
676,640 $50,480
257 Emergency Management Specialists 11,330 $50,450
258 Sound Engineering Technicians 14,080 $50,260
259 Employment, Recruitment, and Placement Specialists 186,620 $50
,070
260 Insurance Appraisers, Auto Damage 12,630 $49,980
261 Curators 9,520 $49,980
262 Fire Inspectors and Investigators 13,360 $49,950
263 Pile-Driver Operators 5,280 $49,950
264 Electrical Power-Line Installers and Repairers 110,520 $49,900
265 Signal and Track Switch Repairers 5,980 $49,870
266 Educational, Vocational, and School Counselors 226,720 $49,760
267 Special Education Teachers, Preschool, Kindergarten, and Elementary
School 216,930 $49,710
268 Tax Examiners, Collectors, and Revenue Agents 75,160 $49,690
269 Transit and Railroad Police 5,320 $49,620
270 Electrical and Electronics Drafters 32,440 $49,610
271 Lodging Managers 31,300 $49,560
272 Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Vocational Education
652,700 $49,470
273 Radiologic Technologists and Technicians 190,180 $49,320
274 Aircraft Mechanics and Service Technicians 118,210 $49,300
275 Chemical Plant and System Operators 52,970 $48,930
276 Artists and Related Workers, All Other 7,870 $48,890
277 Designers, All Other 11,390 $48,890
278 Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education 1,509,180
$48,700
279 Construction and Building Inspectors 96,630 $48,620
280 Respiratory Therapists 99,330 $48,610
281 Boilermakers 17,240 $48,600
282 Police and Sheriff's Patrol Officers 624,380 $48,410
283 Court Reporters 16,940 $48,370
284 Forensic Science Technicians 12,310 $48,130
285 Interior Designers 52,440 $48,000
286 Dietitians and Nutritionists 51,230 $47,890
287 Millwrights 53,320 $47,820
288 Mechanical Engineering Technicians 46,660 $47,710
289 Avionics Technicians 15,360 $47,380
290 Precision Instrument and Equipment Repairers, All Other 12,980
$47,230
291 Vocational Education Teachers, Postsecondary 109,360 $47,110
292 Fine Artists, Including Painters, Sculptors, and Illustrators 11,
260 $47,100
293 Kindergarten Teachers, Except Special Education 165,780 $47,
040
294 Farm and Home Management Advisors 12,390 $46,990
295 Stationary Engineers and Boiler Operators 42,730 $46,990
296 Food Service Managers 189,050 $46,780
297 Adult Literacy, Remedial Education, and GED Teachers and Instructors
71,740 $46,690
298 Vocational Education Teachers, Middle School 15,740 $46,650
299 Electricians 617,370 $46,620
300 Electro-Mechanical Technicians 15,310 $46,540
301 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Office and Administrative Support
Workers 1,351,180 $46,530
302 Plant and System Operators, All Other 13,820 $46,450
303 First-Line Supervisors/Managers, Protective Service Workers, All
Other 45,170 $46,350
304 Media and Communication Workers, All Other 22,970 $46,310
305 Subway and Streetcar Operators 6,740 $46,180
306 Camera Operators, Television, Video, and Motion Picture 22,230
$46,150
307 Probation Officers and Correctional Treatment Specialists 89,650
$46,130
308 Mathematical Technicians 1,210 $46,010
309 Mechanical Drafters 72,950 $45,960
310 Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters 435,960 $45,830
311 Telecommunications Line Installers and Repairers 156,440 $45,
740
312 Locomotive Firers 560 $45,680
313 Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Commercial and Industrial
Equipment 78,570 $45,670
314 Tool and Die Makers 96,960 $45,650
315 Set and Exhibit Designers 8,320 $45,620
316 Meeting and Convention Planners 42,510 $45,580
317 Drafters, All Other 22,800 $45,480
318 Paralegals and Legal Assistants 229,430 $45,460
319 Aircraft Cargo Handling Supervisors 5,620 $45,440
320 Commercial Divers 2,680 $45,410
321 Health Educators 57,900 $45,370
322 Control and Valve Installers and Repairers, Except Mechanical Door
42,270 $45,290
323 Healthcare Practitioner and Technical Workers, All Other 50,690
$45,090
324 Therapists, All Other 11,660 $45,070
325 Social Workers, All Other 61,270 $44,950
326 Numerical Tool and Process Control Programmers 17,800 $44,810
327 Gas Compressor and Gas Pumping Station Operators 3,900 $44,760
328 Marriage and Family Therapists 21,330 $44,700
329 Medical and Public Health Social Workers 116,750 $44,690
330 Archivists 5,460 $44,400
331 Brickmasons and Blockmasons 118,080 $44,370
332 Computer Support Specialists 514,460 $44,350
333 Occupational Health and Safety Technicians 10,020 $44,340
334 Fish and Game Wardens 7,520 $44,200
335 Model Makers, Metal and Plastic 8,370 $44,130
336 Cardiovascular Technologists and Technicians 43,870 $43,990
337 Postal Service Clerks 81,670 $43,950
338 Structural Iron and Steel Workers 67,560 $43,950
339 Architectural and Civil Drafters 107,110 $43,900
340 Aircraft Structure, Surfaces, Rigging, and Systems Assemblers 27,
680 $43,860
341 Graphic Designers 190,880 $43,830
342 Postal Service Mail Carriers 346,990 $43,750
343 Electrical and Electronics Installers and Repairers, Transportation
Equipment 20,480 $43,650
344 Farmers and Ranchers 300 $43,520
345 Education Administrators, Preschool and Child Care Center/Program
46,890 $43,430
346 Environmental Engineering Technicians 20,600 $43,100
347 Clergy 37,820 $43,060
348 Medical Equipment Repairers 32,100 $43,040
349 Rail Car Repairers 23,810 $43,010
350 Tapers 40,090 $42,590
351 Industrial Machinery Mechanics 250,810 $42,570
352 Gaming Supervisors 23,860 $42,390
353 Civil Engineering Technicians 86,730 $42,380
354 Fire Fighters 283,630 $42,370
355 Rotary Drill Operators, Oil and Gas 18,010 $42,350
356 Reinforcing Iron and Rebar Workers 30,180 $42,330
357 Roof Bolters, Mining 4,240 $42,200
358 Occupational Therapist Assistants 23,700 $42,110
359 Audio-Visual Collections Specialists 6,520 $42,090
360 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Helpers, Laborers, and Material
Movers, Hand 178,820 $41,940
361 Reporters and Correspondents 53,060 $41,900
362 Loan Counselors 30,430 $41,840
363 Insulation Workers, Mechanical 27,900 $41,740
364 Crane and Tower Operators 45,740 $41,450
365 Physical Therapist Assistants 59,350 $41,410
366 Airfield Operations Specialists 4,760 $41,400
367 Mobile Heavy Equipment Mechanics, Except Engines 119,060 $41,
390
368 Chemical Equipment Operators and Tenders 50,570 $41,300
369 Explosives Workers, Ordnance Handling Experts, and Blasters 5,110
$41,240
370 Postal Service Mail Sorters, Processors, and Processing Machine
Operators 203,110 $41,070
371 Chemical Technicians 59,900 $40,970
372 Life, Physical, and Social Science Technicians, All Other 58,080
$40,870
373 Sales and Related Workers, All Other 161,700 $40,820
374 Refractory Materials Repairers, Except Brickmasons 3,340 $40,
790
375 Sheet Metal Workers 177,540 $40,780
376 Pump Operators, Except Wellhead Pumpers 10,030 $40,670
377 Title Examiners, Abstractors, and Searchers 63,410 $40,660
378 Child, Family, and School Social Workers 262,830 $40,640
379 Operating Engineers and Other Construction Equipment Operators
393,090 $40,560
380 Embalmers 8,860 $40,410
381 Continuous Mining Machine Operators 9,660 $40,310
382 Loading Machine Operators, Underground Mining 2,480 $40,290
383 Counselors, All Other 24,260 $40,280
384 Environmental Science and Protection Technicians, Including Health
34,790 $40,260
385 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Landscaping, Lawn Service, and
Groundskeeping Workers 111,100 $40,240
386 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Farming, Fishing, and Forestry
Workers 19,670 $40,210
387 Rail Yard Engineers, Dinkey Operators, and Hostlers 5,820 $40,
020
388 Production, Planning, and Expediting Clerks 286,160 $40,000
389 Carpenters 985,990 $39,930
390 Radio Mechanics 6,250 $39,880
391 Respiratory Therapy Technicians 18,710 $39,860
392 Interpreters and Translators 30,910 $39,750
393 Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers
250,970 $39,710
394 Survey Researchers 24,140 $39,680
395 Legal Secretaries 268,170 $39,670
396 Riggers 12,010 $39,670
397 Rail-Track Laying and Maintenance Equipment Operators 13,680 $
39,640
398 Massage Therapists 41,920 $39,380
399 Tile and Marble Setters 51,330 $39,360
400 Shuttle Car Operators 2,860 $39,350
401 Brokerage Clerks 72,400 $39,280
402 Law Clerks 31,890 $39,210
403 Executive Secretaries and Administrative Assistants 1,487,310
$39,160
404 Floor Layers, Except Carpet, Wood, and Hard Tiles 14,910 $39,
120
405 Mine Cutting and Channeling Machine Operators 7,700 $38,930
406 Radio Operators 1,220 $38,870
407 Athletic Trainers 15,440 $38,860
408 Traffic Technicians 6,560 $38,840
409 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Retail Sales Workers 1,111,
740 $38,830
410 Agricultural Inspectors 14,790 $38,820
411 Drywall and Ceiling Tile Installers 140,630 $38,810
412 Audio and Video Equipment Technicians 40,360 $38,710
413 Painters, Transportation Equipment 52,170 $38,630
414 Cargo and Freight Agents 84,340 $38,560
415 Mining Machine Operators, All Other 2,880 $38,490
416 Self-Enrichment Education Teachers 149,700 $38,470
417 Extraction Workers, All Other 8,880 $38,470
418 Bus and Truck Mechanics and Diesel Engine Specialists 254,850
$38,440
419 Fabric and Apparel Patternmakers 8,840 $38,380
420 Hazardous Materials Removal Workers 38,740 $38,340
421 Rail Transportation Workers, All Other 6,360 $38,330
422 Choreographers 16,340 $38,320
423 Correctional Officers and Jailers 417,810 $38,310
424 Private Detectives and Investigators 35,980 $38,290
425 Carpet Installers 36,840 $38,280
426 Health Technologists and Technicians, All Other 72,180 $38,260
427 Biological Technicians 71,590 $38,240
428 Automotive Body and Related Repairers 155,500 $38,230
429 Tire Builders 23,210 $38,220
430 Patternmakers, Metal and Plastic 7,070 $38,090
431 Museum Technicians and Conservators 9,810 $38,060
432 Glaziers 51,990 $38,060
433 Computer, Automated Teller, and Office Machine Repairers 139,770
$38,050
434 Stonemasons 18,210 $38,040
435 Mental Health and Substance Abuse Social Workers 114,820 $37,
980
436 Derrick Operators, Oil and Gas 16,920 $37,930
437 Chefs and Head Cooks 104,080 $37,880
438 Mental Health Counselors 91,830 $37,840
439 Eligibility Interviewers, Government Programs 106,210 $37,770
440 Metal Workers and Plastic Workers, All Other 47,760 $37,730
441 Directors, Religious Activities and Education 14,750 $37,570
442 Licensed Practical and Licensed Vocational Nurses 720,380 $37,
530
443 Community and Social Service Specialists, All Other 107,380 $
37,410
444 Surgical Technologists 84,330 $37,370
445 Plasterers and Stucco Masons 50,700 $37,260
446 Water and Liquid Waste Treatment Plant and System Operators 106,
550 $37,180
447 Dredge Operators 1,780 $37,050
448 Earth Drillers, Except Oil and Gas 19,070 $37,030
449 Wellhead Pumpers 13,280 $36,760
450 Makeup Artists, Theatrical and Performance 1,250 $36,730
451 Camera and Photographic Equipment Repairers 3,470 $36,600
452 Hoist and Winch Operators 2,990 $36,530
453 Recreational Therapists 24,130 $36,510
454 Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers 51,740 $36,410
455 Maintenance Workers, Machinery 81,580 $36,390
456 Truck Drivers, Heavy and Tractor-Trailer 1,673,950 $36,320
457 Bailiffs 17,890 $36,260
458 Paperhangers 6,160 $36,230
459 Separating, Filtering, Clarifying, Precipitating, and Still Machine
Setters, Operators, and Tenders 43,660 $36,130
460 Radio and Television Announcers 40,020 $36,120
461 Desktop Publishers 30,440 $36,120
462 Service Unit Operators, Oil, Gas, and Mining 25,360 $36,120
463 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Personal Service Workers 125,
430 $36,090
464 Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics 642,360 $36,070
465 Substance Abuse and Behavioral Disorder Counselors 75,940 $35
,950
466 Bridge and Lock Tenders 3,700 $35,930
467 Social Science Research Assistants 15,840 $35,840
468 Forest Fire Inspectors and Prevention Specialists 1,710 $35,
810
469 Machinists 385,690 $35,810
470 Excavating and Loading Machine and Dragline Operators 67,590 $
35,740
471 Education, Training, and Library Workers, All Other 84,390 $35
,640
472 Cement Masons and Concrete Finishers 218,170 $35,630
473 Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers, All Other 130,260
$35,560
474 Broadcast Technicians 32,070 $35,540
475 Engine and Other Machine Assemblers 45,120 $35,400
476 Teachers and Instructors, All Other 576,840 $35,370
477 Home Appliance Repairers 42,810 $35,350
478 Roofers 125,030 $35,340
479 Lay-Out Workers, Metal and Plastic 9,960 $35,080
480 Computer Operators 123,750 $35,010
481 Dental Laboratory Technicians 45,840 $34,910
482 Terrazzo Workers and Finishers 6,550 $34,900
483 Electric Motor, Power Tool, and Related Repairers 22,100 $34,
810
484 Motorboat Operators 2,450 $34,810
485 Human Resources Assistants, Except Payroll and Timekeeping 159,
750 $34,740
486 Prepress Technicians and Workers 70,890 $34,730
487 Semiconductor Processors 41,520 $34,730
488 Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technicians 144,710 $34,620
489 Surveying and Mapping Technicians 70,940 $34,590
490 Dispatchers, Except Police, Fire, and Ambulance 185,410 $34,
450
491 Medical Appliance Technicians 10,610 $34,450
492 Motorboat Mechanics 18,550 $34,430
493 Insulation Workers, Floor, Ceiling, and Wall 31,450 $34,280
494 Painters, Construction and Maintenance 263,390 $34,220
495 Paving, Surfacing, and Tamping Equipment Operators 63,090 $34,
210
496 Tank Car, Truck, and Ship Loaders 15,360 $34,200
497 Mechanical Door Repairers 15,130 $34,060
498 Job Printers 46,200 $34,020
499 Public Address System and Other Announcers 8,300 $33,970
500 Forest and Conservation Technicians 30,580 $33,780
501 Pipelayers 58,330 $33,710
502 Agricultural and Food Science Technicians 19,220 $33,700
503 Patternmakers, Wood 2,270 $33,690
504 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Housekeeping and Janitorial
Workers 182,690 $33,610
505 Locksmiths and Safe Repairers 17,870 $33,560
506 Metal-Refining Furnace Operators and Tenders 18,430 $33,560
507 Procurement Clerks 74,370 $33,540
508 Maintenance and Repair Workers, General 1,310,580 $33,510
509 Welding, Soldering, and Brazing Machine Setters, Operators, and
Tenders 48,770 $33,440
510 Jewelers and Precious Stone and Metal Workers 26,220 $33,300
511 Coaches and Scouts 154,350 $33,290
512 Recreational Vehicle Service Technicians 13,560 $33,280
513 Lathe and Turning Machine Tool Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal
and Plastic 65,840 $33,250
514 Tax Preparers 62,860 $33,160
515 Payroll and Timekeeping Clerks 205,970 $33,140
516 Communications Equipment Operators, All Other 4,220 $33,130
517 Bus Drivers, Transit and Intercity 191,120 $33,050
518 Model Makers, Wood 1,920 $33,000
519 Material Moving Workers, All Other 52,120 $33,000
520 Fallers 8,790 $32,960
521 Statistical Assistants 19,680 $32,950
522 Information and Record Clerks, All Other 230,990 $32,900
523 Construction and Related Workers, All Other 56,130 $32,880
524 Welders, Cutters, Solderers, and Brazers 376,630 $32,880
525 Rehabilitation Counselors 121,380 $32,870
526 Printing Machine Operators 191,610 $32,840
527 Computer-Controlled Machine Tool Operators, Metal and Plastic 139
,580 $32,820
528 Watch Repairers 3,050 $32,760
529 Insurance Claims and Policy Processing Clerks 238,210 $32,740
530 Legislators 62,020 $32,730
531 Telephone Operators 26,350 $32,710
532 Sailors and Marine Oilers 31,690 $32,710
533 Loan Interviewers and Clerks 248,050 $32,680
534 Paper Goods Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders 113,930 $
32,610
535 Police, Fire, and Ambulance Dispatchers 94,710 $32,590
536 Court, Municipal, and License Clerks 107,100 $32,580
537 Septic Tank Servicers and Sewer Pipe Cleaners 22,090 $32,560
538 Highway Maintenance Workers 138,670 $32,370
539 Transportation Workers, All Other 42,130 $32,350
540 Milling and Planing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal
and Plastic 29,040 $32,280
541 Opticians, Dispensing 65,190 $32,220
542 Tool Grinders, Filers, and Sharpeners 17,620 $32,210
543 Bookbinders 7,120 $32,210
544 Inspectors, Testers, Sorters, Samplers, and Weighers 483,020 $
32,190
545 Multiple Machine Tool Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and
Plastic 96,480 $32,140
546 Rolling Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic
34,710 $32,080
547 Automotive Glass Installers and Repairers 18,650 $32,050
548 Meter Readers, Utilities 45,770 $32,040
549 Motorcycle Mechanics 16,700 $32,000
550 Animal Breeders 2,060 $31,970
551 Musical Instrument Repairers and Tuners 5,120 $31,850
552 Photographers 60,300 $31,830
553 Floor Sanders and Finishers 7,480 $31,810
554 Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks 1,856,890 $31,780
555 Heat Treating Equipment Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and
Plastic 27,050 $31,750
556 Logging Workers, All Other 5,880 $31,720
557 Furnace, Kiln, Oven, Drier, and Kettle Operators and Tenders 27,
100 $31,720
558 Fitness Trainers and Aerobics Instructors 205,970 $31,710
559 Credit Authorizers, Checkers, and Clerks 67,400 $31,710
560 Electronic Home Entertainment Equipment Installers and Repairers
35,310 $31,710
561 Drilling and Boring Machine Tool Setters, Operators, and Tenders,
Metal and Plastic 42,480 $31,640
562 Travel Agents 87,600 $31,460
563 Structural Metal Fabricators and Fitters 99,680 $31,440
564 Parking Enforcement Workers 10,090 $31,260
565 Electronic Equipment Installers and Repairers, Motor Vehicles 19,
510 $31,190
566 Refuse and Recyclable Material Collectors 125,770 $31,110
567 Assemblers and Fabricators, All Other 288,370 $31,000
568 Log Graders and Scalers 4,810 $30,980
569 Pourers and Casters, Metal 14,880 $30,930
570 Logging Equipment Operators 28,300 $30,880
571 Dental Assistants 277,040 $30,850
572 Travel Guides 3,220 $30,840
573 Mixing and Blending Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders 140,
710 $30,790
574 Medical Transcriptionists 86,790 $30,660
575 Bill and Account Collectors 423,090 $30,640
576 Word Processors and Typists 153,530 $30,540
577 Timing Device Assemblers, Adjusters, and Calibrators 2,460 $30
,530
578 Gaming Surveillance Officers and Gaming Investigators 8,470 $
30,470
579 Helpers--Extraction Workers 23,980 $30,460
580 Psychiatric Technicians 58,940 $30,450
581 Protective Service Workers, All Other 80,680 $30,420
582 Customer Service Representatives 2,147,770 $30,400
583 Farm Equipment Mechanics 29,500 $30,320
584 Fabric Menders, Except Garment 1,280 $30,260
585 Graduate Teaching Assistants 112,830 $30,190
586 Medical Records and Health Information Technicians 164,700 $30
,140
587 Reservation and Transportation Ticket Agents and Travel Clerks
157,650 $30,120
588 Parts Salespersons 234,770 $30,010
589 Forging Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic
31,050 $29,980
590 Foundry Mold and Coremakers 14,460 $29,950
591 Billing and Posting Clerks and Machine Operators 517,750 $29,
930
592 Construction Laborers 1,016,530 $29,930
593 Animal Trainers 10,020 $29,920
594 Tree Trimmers and Pruners 28,300 $29,910
595 Extruding and Forming Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders,
Synthetic and Glass Fibers 17,860 $29,910
596 Correspondence Clerks 16,260 $29,850
597 Coin, Vending, and Amusement Machine Servicers and Repairers 39,
440 $29,820
598 Grinding, Lapping, Polishing, and Buffing Machine Tool Setters,
Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic 100,010 $29,780
599 Cutting and Slicing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders 77,
960 $29,610
600 Crushing, Grinding, and Polishing Machine Setters, Operators, and
Tenders 41,910 $29,570
601 Skin Care Specialists 22,620 $29,550
602 Costume Attendants 4,150 $29,540
603 New Accounts Clerks 80,770 $29,510
604 Emergency Medical Technicians and Paramedics 196,190 $29,390
605 Proofreaders and Copy Markers 16,960 $29,380
606 Animal Control Workers 14,600 $29,370
607 Religious Workers, All Other 5,990 $29,350
608 Pest Control Workers 62,710 $29,350
609 Extruding and Drawing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal
and Plastic 93,810 $29,330
610 Plating and Coating Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal
and Plastic 41,500 $29,280
611 Office and Administrative Support Workers, All Other 277,310 $
29,260
612 Extruding, Forming, Pressing, and Compacting Machine Setters,
Operators, and Tenders 81,000 $29,230
613 Medical Secretaries 394,330 $29,220
614 Industrial Truck and Tractor Operators 629,100 $29,090
615 Rock Splitters, Quarry 3,790 $28,940
616 Electromechanical Equipment Assemblers 59,760 $28,930
617 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Food Preparation and Serving
Workers 769,320 $28,870
618 Farm Labor Contractors 2,060 $28,850
619 Cabinetmakers and Bench Carpenters 127,780 $28,760
620 Production Workers, All Other 288,470 $28,740
621 Building Cleaning Workers, All Other 14,390 $28,670
622 Craft Artists 4,870 $28,610
623 Segmental Pavers 880 $28,600
624 Pesticide Handlers, Sprayers, and Applicators, Vegetation 25,880
$28,560
625 Fishers and Related Fishing Workers 880 $28,510
626 Upholsterers 40,340 $28,500
627 Secretaries, Except Legal, Medical, and Executive 1,750,600 $
28,460
628 Cooks, Private Household 900 $28,370
629 Butchers and Meat Cutters 128,350 $28,310
630 Coating, Painting, and Spraying Machine Setters, Operators, and
Tenders 102,210 $28,230
631 Healthcare Support Workers, All Other 185,580 $28,170
632 Order Clerks 264,520 $28,130
633 Fence Erectors 24,610 $28,130
634 Models 1,470 $27,980
635 Conveyor Operators and Tenders 50,080 $27,970
636 Outdoor Power Equipment and Other Small Engine Mechanics 25,560
$27,950
637 Library Technicians 113,940 $27,910
638 Helpers--Brickmasons, Blockmasons, Stonemasons, and Tile and Marble
Setters 62,290 $27,850
639 Ophthalmic Laboratory Technicians 29,130 $27,770
640 Occupational Therapist Aides 7,780 $27,760
641 Veterinary Technologists and Technicians 69,700 $27,750
642 Etchers and Engravers 11,390 $27,750
643 Cutting, Punching, and Press Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders,
Metal and Plastic 269,640 $27,730
644 Truck Drivers, Light or Delivery Services 941,590 $27,520
645 Electrical and Electronic Equipment Assemblers 211,460 $27,510
646 Shipping, Receiving, and Traffic Clerks 763,350 $27,480
647 Umpires, Referees, and Other Sports Officials 13,790 $27,450
648 Bindery Workers 63,700 $27,370
649 Weighers, Measurers, Checkers, and Samplers, Recordkeeping 77,520
$27,330
650 Molding, Coremaking, and Casting Machine Setters, Operators, and
Tenders, Metal and Plastic 155,670 $27,330
651 Social and Human Service Assistants 318,620 $27,200
652 Medical Assistants 409,570 $27,190
653 Interviewers, Except Eligibility and Loan 211,500 $27,190
654 Medical Equipment Preparers 42,740 $26,980
655 Fiberglass Laminators and Fabricators 32,510 $26,960
656 Coil Winders, Tapers, and Finishers 22,560 $26,910
657 Roustabouts, Oil and Gas 41,120 $26,890
658 Door-to-Door Sales Workers, News and Street Vendors, and Related
Workers 11,140 $26,880
659 Cementing and Gluing Machine Operators and Tenders 23,540 $26,
840
660 Molders, Shapers, and Casters, Except Metal and Plastic 42,610
$26,730
661 Photographic Process Workers 24,180 $26,710
662 Furniture Finishers 24,890 $26,680
663 Manufactured Building and Mobile Home Installers 9,520 $26,600
664 Merchandise Displayers and Window Trimmers 62,580 $26,550
665 Motor Vehicle Operators, All Other 71,880 $26,550
666 Barbers 11,500 $26,540
667 Pharmacy Technicians 282,450 $26,510
668 Team Assemblers 1,250,120 $26,180
669 Dietetic Technicians 24,450 $26,090
670 Office Machine Operators, Except Computer 91,810 $26,010
671 Concierges 19,150 $26,000
672 Cooling and Freezing Equipment Operators and Tenders 10,050 $
25,970
673 Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education 361,600 $25,900
674 Demonstrators and Product Promoters 82,830 $25,770
675 Food and Tobacco Roasting, Baking, and Drying Machine Operators and
Tenders 18,510 $25,710
676 Data Entry Keyers 295,650 $25,640
677 Grinding and Polishing Workers, Hand 43,980 $25,460
678 Helpers--Pipelayers, Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters 81,
510 $25,430
679 Cleaning, Washing, and Metal Pickling Equipment Operators and Tenders
15,500 $25,420
680 Sawing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Wood 60,230 $
25,380
681 Slot Key Persons 13,450 $25,300
682 Painting, Coating, and Decorating Workers 29,950 $25,260
683 Office Clerks, General 3,026,710 $25,200
684 Bus Drivers, School 456,570 $25,130
685 Woodworking Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Except Sawing
97,700 $25,110
686 Agricultural Workers, All Other 8,550 $25,070
687 Mail Clerks and Mail Machine Operators, Except Postal Service 141
,170 $25,060
688 Helpers--Electricians 100,550 $25,050
689 Woodworkers, All Other 11,350 $25,030
690 Packaging and Filling Machine Operators and Tenders 384,160 $
25,000
691 Psychiatric Aides 57,000 $24,990
692 Forest and Conservation Workers 8,530 $24,890
693 Helpers, Construction Trades, All Other 35,880 $24,820
694 Food Batchmakers 92,590 $24,790
695 Tailors, Dressmakers, and Custom Sewers 30,000 $24,770
696 Textile, Apparel, and Furnishings Workers, All Other 22,890 $
24,770
697 Hairdressers, Hairstylists, and Cosmetologists 344,900 $24,550
698 Textile Knitting and Weaving Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders
38,900 $24,530
699 Residential Advisors 48,470 $24,520
700 Grounds Maintenance Workers, All Other 21,930 $24,490
701 Driver/Sales Workers 396,680 $24,380
702 Cutters and Trimmers, Hand 28,790 $24,370
703 Helpers--Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers 159,110
$24,210
704 Telemarketers 385,700 $24,190
705 Helpers--Carpenters 104,200 $24,190
706 Gaming Cage Workers 17,970 $24,170
707 Gaming Service Workers, All Other -8 $24,110
708 Machine Feeders and Offbearers 150,600 $24,080
709 Retail Salespersons 4,374,230 $23,940
710 Textile Bleaching and Dyeing Machine Operators and Tenders 20,070
$23,920
711 Receptionists and Information Clerks 1,112,350 $23,810
712 Bakers 139,700 $23,710
713 Switchboard Operators, Including Answering Service 172,060 $23
,640
714 Security Guards 1,004,130 $23,620
715 Cooks, All Other 12,940 $23,590
716 Textile Winding, Twisting, and Drawing Out Machine Setters, Operators
, and Tenders 44,210 $23,550
717 File Clerks 223,090 $23,540
718 Counter and Rental Clerks 468,900 $23,340
719 Physical Therapist Aides 45,520 $23,290
720 Couriers and Messengers 105,070 $23,170
721 Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers, Hand 2,372,130
$23,050
722 Floral Designers 61,320 $23,040
723 Landscaping and Groundskeeping Workers 924,330 $23,010
724 Nursing Aides, Orderlies, and Attendants 1,376,660 $22,960
725 Recreation Workers 273,280 $22,950
726 Library Assistants, Clerical 109,090 $22,940
727 Tellers 603,150 $22,810
728 Tire Repairers and Changers 103,120 $22,790
729 Food Cooking Machine Operators and Tenders 44,060 $22,750
730 Helpers--Roofers 21,050 $22,740
731 Textile Cutting Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders 19,140
$22,740
732 Shoe Machine Operators and Tenders 4,080 $22,710
733 Helpers--Painters, Paperhangers, Plasterers, and Stucco Masons 23
,390 $22,620
734 Bicycle Repairers 8,350 $22,610
735 Stock Clerks and Order Fillers 1,705,450 $22,440
736 Tour Guides and Escorts 30,390 $22,310
737 Crossing Guards 67,750 $22,270
738 Helpers--Production Workers 539,350 $22,120
739 Taxi Drivers and Chauffeurs 154,490 $22,080
740 Funeral Attendants 32,250 $21,970
741 Agricultural Equipment Operators 21,140 $21,950
742 Slaughterers and Meat Packers 118,610 $21,940
743 Ambulance Drivers and Attendants, Except Emergency Medical
Technicians 21,100 $21,930
744 Teacher Assistants 1,246,030 $21,860
745 Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners 2,
124,860 $21,730
746 Sewers, Hand 9,750 $21,680
747 Shoe and Leather Workers and Repairers 7,450 $21,660
748 Personal Care and Service Workers, All Other 58,440 $21,640
749 Baggage Porters and Bellhops 48,450 $21,580
750 Photographic Processing Machine Operators 50,040 $21,540
751 Gaming Change Persons and Booth Cashiers 26,700 $21,470
752 Cooks, Institution and Cafeteria 375,210 $21,320
753 Manicurists and Pedicurists 47,450 $21,280
754 Meat, Poultry, and Fish Cutters and Trimmers 139,830 $21,260
755 Transportation Attendants, Except Flight Attendants and Baggage
Porters 20,790 $21,140
756 Veterinary Assistants and Laboratory Animal Caretakers 70,310
$21,060
757 Cooks, Restaurant 825,840 $21,020
758 Pharmacy Aides 47,810 $20,950
759 Gaming and Sports Book Writers and Runners 17,780 $20,850
760 Farmworkers, Farm and Ranch Animals 47,870 $20,630
761 Sewing Machine Operators 219,080 $20,340
762 Nonfarm Animal Caretakers 108,130 $20,230
763 Motion Picture Projectionists 10,620 $20,180
764 Cleaners of Vehicles and Equipment 334,560 $20,130
765 Home Health Aides 751,480 $20,100
766 Locker Room, Coatroom, and Dressing Room Attendants 18,770 $19
,760
767 Food Servers, Nonrestaurant 183,700 $19,710
768 Hotel, Motel, and Resort Desk Clerks 214,110 $19,480
769 Food Preparation and Serving Related Workers, All Other 54,900
$19,360
770 Packers and Packagers, Hand 827,470 $19,340
771 Service Station Attendants 94,780 $19,150
772 Laundry and Dry-Cleaning Workers 217,580 $18,890
773 Child Care Workers 572,950 $18,820
774 Cooks, Short Order 189,610 $18,710
775 Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners 900,040 $18,700
776 Graders and Sorters, Agricultural Products 45,890 $18,610
777 Bartenders 485,120 $18,540
778 Food Preparation Workers 871,470 $18,480
779 Pressers, Textile, Garment, and Related Materials 75,150 $18,
470
780 Parking Lot Attendants 131,870 $18,450
781 Lifeguards, Ski Patrol, and Other Recreational Protective Service
Workers 108,870 $18,410
782 Personal and Home Care Aides 578,290 $18,180
783 Cashiers 3,479,390 $17,930
784 Farmworkers and Laborers, Crop, Nursery, and Greenhouse 230,780
$17,630
785 Amusement and Recreation Attendants 235,670 $17,530
786 Ushers, Lobby Attendants, and Ticket Takers 101,530 $17,500
787 Waiters and Waitresses 2,312,930 $17,190
788 Shampooers 15,580 $17,050
789 Gaming Dealers 82,960 $17,010
790 Counter Attendants, Cafeteria, Food Concession, and Coffee Shop
524,410 $16,950
791 Hosts and Hostesses, Restaurant, Lounge, and Coffee Shop 340,390
$16,860
792 Dining Room and Cafeteria Attendants and Bartender Helpers 401,
790 $16,320
793 Dishwashers 502,770 $16,190
794 Cooks, Fast Food 612,020 $15,960
795 Combined Food Preparation and Serving Workers, Including Fast Food
2,461,890 $15,930